Hybrid Identities and Indigenous Language Sustainability: Reflections on Language Contact and (Neo-)Colonial Practices on Sakhalin Island
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.591.T05Mots-clés :
Sakhaline, peuples autochtones, colonialisme, durabilité linguistique, politiques linguistiques, superdiversité, identités hybridesRésumé
Cet article traite des identités hybrides et du contact linguistique des peuples autochtones de Sakhaline du sud, la plus grande île située à l'Extrême-Orient de la Russie. Il montre que le mode de vie nomade, les techniques avancées de navigation et un large éventail de contacts avec les populations voisines y ont facilité le multilinguisme. L'esprit international et la superdiversité des langues ont persisté jusqu'au début du XXe siècle et ont été significativement perturbés par les régimes coloniaux du Japon et de la Russie soviétique, qui ont utilisé des approches de classification ethnique et linguistique. Or, les nombreuses redistributions de frontières administratives, les réinstallations massives et les mariages mixtes ont paradoxalement complexifié les entrecroisements de langues et d'identités de la région. Ces changements radicaux remettent en question les politiques ethniques et linguistiques actuelles, ainsi que les pratiques de développement qui reposent sur des idées obsolètes de pureté ethnique et d'authenticité traditionnelle. Ces politiques entraînent l'exclusion de nombreux membres autochtones qui ne correspondent pas au discours dominant sur la langue et l'identité, qui est de nature coloniale. Un compte-rendu plus nuancé de la réalité soulève néanmoins une panoplie de questions, allant des droits particuliers pour les peuples autochtones parlant des langues non-autochtones à une revitalisation linguistique adéquate dans les communautés ethniques mixtes.
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