“Will the Real Semi-Speaker Please Stand Up?” Language Vitality, Semi-Speakers, and Problems of Enumeration in the Canadian North
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.591.T03Mots-clés :
semi-locuteurs, vitalité linguistique, énumération, langues en voie de disparition, revitalisation, Dene Tha, nord canadienneRésumé
Cet article reconsidère les catégories qui sont utilisées dans les tentatives de revitalisation de langues et critique certaines pratiques d'énumération employées par des activistes pour mesurer la vitalité et la mise en danger d'une langue. Me basant sur un travail ethnographique auprès des Dene Tha dans la communauté de Chateh dans le nord-ouest de l'Alberta au Canada, je soutiens que ces pratiques d'énumération sont souvent fondées sur des notions idéalisées de « qui doit compter comme un locuteur de langue en voie de disparition ». Ces méthodes standard de comptage ne reconnaissent pas les pratiques linguistiques hétérogènes des « semi-locuteurs », qui parlent la langue partiellement et constituent souvent la majorité des jeunes orateurs des communautés linguistiques menacées. Pour corriger cet impair, je propose de modifier les discours élaborés en termes de « langue en danger » par celui de « vitalité d'une langue », permettant aux « semi-locuteurs » d'être reconnus et comptabilisés comme orateurs valables de ces « langues en voie de disparition ».
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