A Tale of Two Crises in Peru: Livelihoods and Social Reproduction During the 1980s and the COVID-19 Pandemic
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica6412022374Mots-clés :
financiarisation, monétarisation, réciprocité, travail reproductif, crise, stratégies de subsistance, pandémie de COVID-19, Pérou, genreRésumé
La pandémie de COVID-19 a ravagé les moyens de subsistance des
populations du monde entier. Les contraintes économiques structurelles sont
mises en évidence dans ces moments de crise, tandis que les personnes les
plus touchées ont recours à leur répertoire de stratégies de subsistances. Cette
étude de cas sur les habitants d’Allpachico, une une communauté paysanne
péruvienne, compare leurs réponses à la crise actuelle avec leurs réponses à
celle des années 1980, mettant en évidence des similitudes dans les stratégies
(notamment la réciprocité et la vente ou l’échange de tâches reproductives et
de produits nécessaires) et des différences dans la forme qu’elles prennent.
Dans les années 1980, le travail des femmes et la réciprocité de la parenté
ont aidé les gens à accéder aux valeurs d’usage. En 2020, le néolibéralisme
a transformé l’économie nationale et les migrants d’Allpachico ont
majoritairement un travail informel et contractuel précaire. La réciprocité et
les tâches reproductives sont toujours au cœur des moyens de subsistance, mais
elles tendent désormais à être monétisées plutôt que d’impliquer des valeurs
d’usage. Tout comme la crise précédente a brisé les emplois sûrs et l’agriculture
paysanne pour jeter les bases du néolibéralisme, il apparaît aujourd’hui que
la pandémie de COVID-19, par la monétisation des aides publiques et de la
réciprocité, accélère la financiarisation sous la forme de services financiers et
de dettes.
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