Displacement and Resistance Strategies of the Pastoralists Afar in Ethiopia
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica67120252653Mots-clés :
Afar, déplacements induits par le développement , déplacements, Éthiopie, Corne de l’Afrique , résistanceRésumé
Cet article examine les stratégies de résistance du peuple Afar déplacé dans le nord-est de l’Éthiopie, en se concentrant sur le clan Lubakubo de la région de Dobi. Les Afars pratiquent depuis toujours le pastoralisme transhumant, assurant leur subsistance grâce à l’élevage de bétail dans des paysages arides et semi-arides. En 2004, un « grand homme » local, soutenu par le gouvernement éthiopien et des investisseurs privés, a déplacé de force les membres du clan Lubakubo afin de faciliter l’exploitation commerciale du sel à Dobi, perturbant ainsi leurs systèmes socio-économiques, leurs liens culturels avec la terre et leurs routes pastorales traditionnelles. S’appuyant sur des travaux ethnographiques menés sur plusieurs sites entre 2015 et 2017, notamment des entretiens approfondis, des observations participantes et des recherches archivistiques, cet article documente la manière dont les Afars ont mobilisé les membres de leur lignée, les institutions coutumières et les alliances stratégiques pour contrer et contester cette dépossession. Ces stratégies de résistance allaient des pétitions juridiques et de l’engagement auprès des structures traditionnelles de gouvernance et de résolution des conflits des Afars à la confrontation et aux actes symboliques renforçant les revendications territoriales. En situant ces stratégies dans le contexte plus large de l’économie politique de l’extraction des ressources et des déplacements de population dans la Corne de l’Afrique, cet article contribue aux débats scientifiques sur la résistance autochtone, les droits fonciers et les dynamiques de pouvoir entre l’État et les collectivités locales. Les conclusions mettent en évidence le rôle actif joué par les éleveurs déplacés dans la défense de leurs droits face aux intérêts commerciaux soutenus par l’État, tout en soulignant la résilience et la capacité d’adaptation des systèmes pastoraux dans des conditions de déplacement prolongé.
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