The Revival of Cholera Vaccines: The Century-Old Making of a Global Success Story
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica66120242638Mots-clés :
choléra, vaccins, santé mondiale , pharmaceutiques, réponse aux épidémies, déploiement de vaccins , médecine humanitaire , Eau, Assainissement et Hygiène (WASH)Résumé
Les vaccins contre le choléra existent depuis le XIXe siècle, mais ont été considérés comme une stratégie de contrôle inefficace pendant la majeure partie de leur histoire. Cependant, en 2012, des campagnes de vaccination contre le choléra ont été menées à titre expérimental en Haïti et en Guinée en utilisant une formule vaccinale préexistante. Ces efforts initiaux se sont rapidement étendus à des dizaines de pays. Un stock mondial de millions de doses a été constitué, faisant des vaccins anti-choléra, la pierre angulaire de la stratégie du Groupement mondial pour la lutte contre le choléra (Global Task Force on Cholera Control’s Roadmap), qui vise à éradiquer le choléra d’ici 2030. Quels sont les facteurs ayant contribué à ce remarquable revirement ? Cet article explore les reconfigurations épistémiques, morales et industrielles qui ont soutenu l’élaboration d’un vaccin à succès et ses ramifications dans un paysage sanitaire mondial en mutation, y compris le déplacement potentiel des interventions dans le domaine de l’eau et de l’assainissement. La recherche est basée sur ma participation à l’introduction du vaccin contre le choléra en tant que membre d’une ONG médicale et sur un travail de terrain ethnographique mené à la fois dans des environnements africains ciblés par la vaccination réactive contre le choléra et dans des centres du Nord qui influencent la politique mondiale en matière de vaccins contre le choléra.
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