The Revival of Cholera Vaccines: The Century-Old Making of a Global Success Story
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica66120242638Mots-clés :
choléra, vaccins, santé mondiale , pharmaceutiques, réponse aux épidémies, déploiement de vaccins , médecine humanitaire , Eau, Assainissement et Hygiène (WASH)Résumé
Les vaccins contre le choléra existent depuis le XIXe siècle, mais ont été considérés comme une stratégie de contrôle inefficace pendant la majeure partie de leur histoire. Cependant, en 2012, des campagnes de vaccination contre le choléra ont été menées à titre expérimental en Haïti et en Guinée en utilisant une formule vaccinale préexistante. Ces efforts initiaux se sont rapidement étendus à des dizaines de pays. Un stock mondial de millions de doses a été constitué, faisant des vaccins anti-choléra, la pierre angulaire de la stratégie du Groupement mondial pour la lutte contre le choléra (Global Task Force on Cholera Control’s Roadmap), qui vise à éradiquer le choléra d’ici 2030. Quels sont les facteurs ayant contribué à ce remarquable revirement ? Cet article explore les reconfigurations épistémiques, morales et industrielles qui ont soutenu l’élaboration d’un vaccin à succès et ses ramifications dans un paysage sanitaire mondial en mutation, y compris le déplacement potentiel des interventions dans le domaine de l’eau et de l’assainissement. La recherche est basée sur ma participation à l’introduction du vaccin contre le choléra en tant que membre d’une ONG médicale et sur un travail de terrain ethnographique mené à la fois dans des environnements africains ciblés par la vaccination réactive contre le choléra et dans des centres du Nord qui influencent la politique mondiale en matière de vaccins contre le choléra.
Téléchargements
Références
Adams, Vincanne. 2013. “Evidence-Based Global Public Health: Subjects, Profits, Erasures.” In When People Come First: Critical Studies in Global Health, edited by João Biehl and Adriana Petryna, 54-90. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400846801-004
Adams, Vincanne. 2016. Metrics: What Counts in Global Health. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1168c3w
Behrends, Andrea, Sung-joon Park, and Richard Rottenburg, eds. 2014. Travelling Models in African Conflict Management. BRILL. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004274099
Benenson, Abram S., P. R. Joseph, and R. O. Oseasohn. 1968. “Cholera Vaccine Field Trials in East Pakistan: 1. Reaction and Antigenicity Studies.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 38(3): 347.
Berger, Stephen A., and Itxhak Shapiro. 1997. “Re-Emergence of Cholera Vaccine.” Journal of Travel Medicine 4(2): 58–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1997.tb00780.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1997.tb00780.x
Biehl, João, and Adriana Petryna. 2013. “Critical Global Health.” In When people come first: critical studies in global health, edited by J. BIEHL and A. PETRYNA, 1–20. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400846801-001
Briggs, Charles L. 2003. Stories in the Time of Cholera: Racial Profiling during a Medical Nightmare. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520938526
Brives, Charlotte, Frédéric Le Marcis, and Emilia Sanabria. 2016. “What’s in a Context? Tenses and Tensions in Evidence-Based Medicine.” Medical Anthropology: Cross Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 35(5): 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2016.1160089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2016.1160089
Callon, M., P. Lascoumes, and Y. Barthe. 2001. Agir Dans Un Monde Incertain. Essai Sur La Démocratie Technique. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Chabrol, Fanny. 2012. Prendre Soin de Sa Population. Le Sida Au Botswana Entre Politiques Globales Du Médicament et Pratiques Locales de Citoyenneté. PhD dissertation, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/amades.1420
Clemens, JD, SN Desai, F. Qadri, GB Nair, and Jan Holmgren. 2018. “Cholera Vaccines.” In Plotkin’s Vaccines, edited by Walter A. Orenstein, Paul A. Offit, Kathryn M. Edwards, Stanley A Plotkin, 185–197. Amsterdam: Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35761-6.00014-6
Clemens, John D., Jeffrey R. Harris, M. R. Khan, Bradford A. Kay, Md Yunus, Ann Mari Svennerholm, David A. Sack, J. Chakraborty, Bonita F. Stanton, M. U. Khan, William Atkinson, and Jan Holmgren. 1986. “Field Trial of Oral Cholera Vaccines in Bangladesh.” The Lancet 328(8499): 124–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91944-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91944-6
Clemens, John, Dale Spriggs, and David Sack. 1994. “Public Health Considerations for the Use of Cholera Vaccines in Cholera Control Programs.” In Vibrio cholerae and Cholera, 425–440, edited by Kaye Wachsmuth, Paul A. Blake, Ørjan Olsvik. American Society of Microbiology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555818364.ch28
Dozon, Jean-Pierre. 2005. “De l’intolérable et Du Tolérable Dans l’épidémie de Sida: Un Parallèle Entre l’occident et l’Afrique.” In Les constructions de l’intolérable : études d’anthropologie et d’histoire sur les frontières de l’espace moral, edited by Fassin D, 197-224. Paris: La Découverte.
Enwere, G., O. Fontaine, D. Legros, T. Cherian, C. Mantel, and E. Mintz. 2009. Background Paper on the Integration of Oral Cholera Vaccines into Global Cholera Control Programmes. To Be Presented to the WHO SAGE in October 2009. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/immunization/sage/sage-past-meeting-documents/final_agenda_oct_sage_meeting_3_nov_2009.pdf?sfvrsn=8c9ac10d_5
Farmer, Paul. 2004. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Farmer, Paul. 2012. Haiti after the Earthquake. Public Affairs.
Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 2018. “Ending Cholera a Global Roadmap to 2030.” GTFCC. https://www.gtfcc.org/about-cholera/roadmap-2030/ (accessed 19 June 2023).
Graham, Janice. 2016. “Ambiguous Capture: Collaborative Capitalism and the Meningitis Vaccine Project.” Medical Anthropology: Cross Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 35(5): 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2016.1167055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2016.1167055
Grandesso, Francesco, Florentina Rafael, Sikhona Chipeta, Ian Alley, Christel Saussier, Francisco Nogareda, Monica Burns, Pauline Lechevalier, Anne-Laure Page, Leon Salumu, Lorenzo Pezzoli, Maurice Mwesawina, Philippe Cavailler, Martin Mengel, Francisco Javier Luquero, and Sandra Cohuet. 2018. “Oral Cholera Vaccination in Hard-to-Reach Communities, Lake Chilwa, Malawi.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 96(12): 817–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.206417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.206417
Gupta, SanjuktaSen, Kaushik Bharati, Dipika Sur, Ajay Khera, N.K. Ganguly, and G. Balakrish Nair. 2016. “Why Is the Oral Cholera Vaccine Not Considered an Option for Prevention of Cholera in India? Analysis of Possible Reasons.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 143(5): 545. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.187102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.187102
Heyerdahl, Leonard W., Bagrey Ngwira, Rachel Demolis, Gabriel Nyirenda, Maurice Mwesawina, Florentina Rafael, Philippe Cavailler, Jean Bernard Le Gargasson, Martin A. Mengel, and Bradford D. Gessner. 2018. “Innovative Vaccine Delivery Strategies in Response to a Cholera Outbreak in the Challenging Context of Lake Chilwa. A Rapid Qualitative Assessment.” Vaccine 36(44) :6491–6496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.108
Hirschhorn, Norbert, Joseph L. Kinzie, David B. Sachar, Robert S. Northrup, James O. Taylor, S. Zafar Ahmad, and Robert A. Phillips. 1968. “Decrease in Net Stool Output in Cholera during Intestinal Perfusion with Glucose-Containing Solutions.” New England Journal of Medicine 279(4): 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196807252790402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196807252790402
Ivers, Louise C., Jessica E. Teng, Jonathan Lascher, Max Raymond, Jonathan Weigel, Nadia Victor, J. Gregory Jerome, Isabelle J. Hilaire, Charles P. Almazor, Ralph Ternier, Jean Cadet, Jeannot Francois, Florence D. Guillaume, and Paul E. Farmer. 2013. “Use of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Haiti: A Rural Demonstration Project.” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89(4): 617–624. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0183
Lopez, Anna Lena, Maria Liza Antoinette Gonzales, Josephine G. Aldaba, and G. Balakrish Nair. 2014. “Killed Oral Cholera Vaccines: History, Development and Implementation Challenges.” Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines 2(5): 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051013614537819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2051013614537819
Luquero, Francisco J., Lise Grout, Iza Ciglenecki, Keita Sakoba, Bala Traore, Melat Heile, Alpha Amadou Dialo, et al. 2013. “First Outbreak Response Using an Oral Cholera Vaccine in Africa: Vaccine Coverage, Acceptability and Surveillance of Adverse Events, Guinea, 2012 .” PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7(10) 17 October: e2465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002465
Luquero, Francisco J., Lise Grout, Iza Ciglenecki, Keita Sakoba, Bala Traore, Melat Heile, Alpha Amadou Diallo, Christian Itama, Anne-Laure Page, Marie-Laure Quilici, Martin A. Mengel, Jose Maria Eiros, Micaela Serafini, Dominique Legros, and Rebecca F. Grais. 2014. “Use of Vibrio Cholerae Vaccine in an Outbreak in Guinea.” New England Journal of Medicine 370(22): 2111–2120. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1312680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1312680
Lutzker, E., C. Jochnowitz, and W. M. Haffkine. 1980. “The Curious History of Waldemar Haffkine.” EurekaMag Commentary, 69(6): 61–64. https://eurekamag.com/research/047/603/047603415.php
Mengel, Martin A., Isabelle Delrieu, Leonard Heyerdahl, and Bradford D. Gessner. 2014. “Cholera Outbreaks in Africa.” Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 379: 117–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2014_369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2014_369
Nichter, Mark. 2008. Global Health: Why Cultural Perceptions, Social Representations, and Biopolitics Matter. Vol. 37. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9242-5
Odevall, Lina, Deborah Hong, Laura Digilio, Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Vittal Mogasale, Yeongok Baik, Seukkeun Choi, Jerome H. Kim, and Julia Lynch. 2018. “The Euvichol Story – Development and Licensure of a Safe, Effective and Affordable Oral Cholera Vaccine through Global Public Private Partnerships.” Vaccine 36(45): 6606–6614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.026
PAHO. 2024. Cholera Outbreak in Haiti: Situation Report 8 - 13 March 2024. Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/en/documents/cholera-outbreak-haiti-situation-report-8-13-march-2024
Petryna, Adriana. 2009. When Experiments Travel: Clinical Trials and the Global Search for Human Subjects. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830824
Pollitzer, Robert. 1959. Cholera. Monograph Series, No. 43. Geneva, Switzerland 1019: World Health Organization.
Qadri, Firdausi, Thomas F. Wierzba, Mohammad Ali, Fahima Chowdhury, Ashraful I. Khan, Amit Saha, Iqbal A. Khan, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Afroza Akter, Arifuzzaman Khan, Yasmin A. Begum, Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan, Farhana Khanam, Mohiul I. Chowdhury, Taufiqul Islam, Atique I. Chowdhury, Anisur Rahman, Shah A. Siddique, Young A. You, Deok R. Kim, Ashraf U. Siddik, Nirod C. Saha, Alamgir Kabir, Alejandro Cravioto, Sachin N. Desai, Ajit P. Singh, John D. Clemens. 2016. “Efficacy of a Single-Dose, Inactivated Oral Cholera Vaccine in Bangladesh.” New England Journal of Medicine 374(18): 1723-1732. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1510330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1510330
Rebaudet, S., M. A. Mengel, L. Koivogui, S. Moore, A. Mutreja, Y. Kande, et al. 2014. “Deciphering the origin of the 2012 cholera epidemic in Guinea by integrating epidemiological and molecular analyses.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(6) : e2898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002898
Rigby, Jennifer, Gloria Dickie, Jennifer Rigby, and Gloria Dickie. 2024. “Cholera Vaccine Stocks ‘empty’ as Cases Surge.” Reuters, 14 February. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/cholera-vaccine-stocks-empty-cases-surge-2024-02-14/
Rouzier, Vanessa, Karine Severe, Marc Antoine Jean Juste, Mireille Peck, Christian Perodin, Patrice Severe, Marie Marcelle Deschamps, Rose Irene Verdier, Sabine Prince, Jeannot Francois, Jean Ronald Cadet, Florence D. Guillaume, Peter F. Wright, and Jean W. Pape. 2013. “Cholera Vaccination in Urban Haiti.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89(4): 671–681. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0171
Russel, AJH. 1928. “Statistical Studies in the Epidemiology of Cholera.” Transactions of the Seventh Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine 2:131.
Sack, David A. 1994. “Cholera Control.” The Lancet 344(8922): 616-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92003-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92003-6
Sanchez, J. L., B. Vasquez, R. E. Begue, R. Meza, G. Castellares, C. Cabezas, D. M. Watts, A. M. Svennerholm, J. C. Sadoff, and D. N. Taylor. 1994. “Protective Efficacy of Oral Whole-Cell/Recombinant-B-Subunit Cholera Vaccine in Peruvian Military Recruits.” The Lancet 344(8932): 1273–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90755-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90755-2
Snow, John. 1855. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. London: John Churchill.
Sommer, Alfred, and Wiley H. Mosley. 1973. “Ineffectiveness of Cholera Vaccination As an Epidemic Control Measure.” The Lancet 301(7814): 1232–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90540-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90540-0
Sundaram, Neisha, Christian Schaetti, Sonja Merten, Christian Schindler, Said M. Ali, Erick O. Nyambedha, Bruno Lapika, Claire-Lise Chaignat, Raymond Hutubessy, and Mitchell G. Weiss. 2016. “Sociocultural Determinants of Anticipated Oral Cholera Vaccine Acceptance in Three African Settings: A Meta-Analytic Approach.” BMC Public Health 16(1): 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2710-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2710-0
Sunder Rajan, Kaushik. 2017. Pharmocracy: Value, Politics, and Knowledge in Global Biomedicine. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822373285
Sur, Dipika, Anna Lena Lopez, Suman Kanungo, Allison Paisley, Byomkesh Manna, Mohammad Ali, Swapan K. Niyogi, Jin Kyung Park, Banawarilal Sarkar, Mahesh K. Puri, Deok Ryun Kim, Jacqueline L. Deen, Jan Holmgren, Rodney Carbis, Raman Rao, Thu Van Nguyen, Allan Donner, Nirmal K. Ganguly, G. Balakrish Nair, Sujit K. Bhattacharya, and John D. Clemens. 2009. “Efficacy and Safety of a Modified Killed-Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine in India: An Interim Analysis of a Cluster-Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” The Lancet 374(9702): 1694–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61297-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61297-6
Thiongane, Oumy Baala. 2021. “Global Health Initiatives as a ‘Drunken Boat’: The Meningitis Vaccines Project Case Study.” Medicine Anthropology Theory 8(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.8.1.5228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.8.1.5228
Trach, D. D., J. D. Clemens, N. T. Ke, H. T. Thuy, N. D. Son, D. G. Canh, P. V. Hang, and M. R. Rao. 1997. “Field Trial of a Locally Produced, Killed, Oral Cholera Vaccine in Vietnam.” The Lancet 349(9047): 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06107-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06107-7
UNICEF. 2022. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa 2000–2020: Five Years into the SDGs. https://www.unicef.org/media/117726/file/JMP%20Snapshot%20on%20Progress%20on%20Drinking%20Water,%20Sanitation%20and%20Hygiene%20in%20Africa%202000-2020.pdf
——. 2024. Gavi and UNICEF Welcome Approval of New Oral Cholera Vaccine. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/gavi-and-unicef-welcome-approval-new-oral-cholera-vaccine (accessed 18 August 2024).
WHO. 1983. International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade : Project and Programme Information System, Rev. Ed. Geneva : World Health Organization.
——. 1993. Guidelines for Cholera Control. Geneva : World Health Organization.
——. 1995. The Potential Role of New Cholera Vaccines in the Prevention and Control of Cholera Outbreaks during Acute Emergencies. Report of a Meeting. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/59012/CDR_GPV_95.1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
——. 1999. Potential Use of Oral Cholera Vaccines in Emergency Situations. Report of a WHO Meeting, 12-13 May. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/66004/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_99.4.pdf?sequence=1
——. 2010. Cholera Vaccine: WHO Position Paper, 2010, Weekly Epidemiological Record 85 (13): 117 - 128. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/241541.
World Bank. 2023. Closing the Access Gap for Water and Sanitation in Eastern and Southern Africa: Raising the Ambition. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/closing-access-gap-water-and-sanitation-eastern-and-southern-africa-raising-ambition (accessed 18 August 2024).
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Leonardo W Heyerdahl 2024
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Les auteurs qui collaborent avec Anthropologica consentent à publier leurs articles sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution – Utilisation non commerciale 4.0 – International. Cette licence permet à quiconque de partager l’œuvre (reproduire, distribuer et communiquer) et de l’adapter à des fins non commerciales pourvu que l’œuvre soit adéquatement attribuée à son auteur et qu’en cas de réutilisation ou de distribution, les termes de cette licence soient clairement énoncés.
Les auteurs conservent leurs droits d’auteur et accordent à la revue le droit de première publication.
Les auteurs peuvent également conclure des ententes contractuelles additionnelles et séparées pour la diffusion non exclusive de la version de l’œuvre publiée par la revue (par ex. : l’affichage dans un dépôt institutionnel ou la parution dans un livre) qui devra être accompagnée d’une mention reconnaissant sa publication initiale dans cette revue.