Political Voices and Everyday Choices: Aesthetic Modes of Political Engagement in Right-Wing Extremism
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.2018-0043.r2Mots-clés :
Extrémisme de droite, mouvements sociaux, esthétique, radicalisation, ethnographie, Québec, CanadaRésumé
Cet article explore ce que signifie s’engager dans l’extrémisme de droite, dans un contexte où de profonds changements socioculturels bouleversent notre façon de penser et d’agir politiquement. Les travaux récents sur l’engagement politique montrent que beaucoup de gens aujourd’hui se sentent exclus des institutions démocratiques formelles et se tournent par conséquent vers des modes d’engagement politique centrés sur des actions à petite échelle qui sont souvent individuelles et qui demeurent immergées dans la vie quotidienne. À travers l’analyse des récits de vie de deux extrémistes de droite, je soutiens que ce mode « esthétique » d’engagement politique consiste pour eux essentiellement à (re)prendre le contrôle de leur propre vie dans un monde qui semble les échapper et les ignorer. Si ces conclusions se fondent sur l’observation de militants d’extrême droite, j’affirme qu’elles peuvent être étendues à d’autres mouvements sociaux contemporains (anarchistes, islamistes, écologistes, etc.). Elles révèlent ainsi un passage paradigmatique d’une conception « moderne » de la politique - fondée sur le débat rationnel, l’espace public, le conséquentialisme, la recherche de consensus, la démocratie libérale. . . - à une conception « esthétique » de la politique qui s’articule davantage autour des affects et des émotions et qui s'inscrit dans la sphère privée de l’expérience quotidienne des acteurs. Cela nous oblige à repenser notre conception de ce qui est « politique » et à rechercher le politique dans des lieux un peu inhabituels.
Téléchargements
Références
Allahyari, Rebecca Anne. 2001. “The Felt Politics of Charity: Serving ‘The Ambassadors of God’ and Saving ‘The Sinking Classes.’ ” In Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, edited by J. Goodwin, J. Jasper and F. Poletta, 295–211. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Alonso, Rogeli, Tore Bjorgo, Donatella Della Porta, Rik Coolsaet, Farhad Khosrokhavar, Rüdiger Lohlker, Magnus Ranstorp, Fernando Reinares, Alex Schmid, Andrew Silke, Michael Taarnby, and Gijs De Vries. 2008. Radicalisation Processes Leading to Acts of Terrorism. A Concise Report Prepared by the European Commision’s Expert Group of Violent Radicalization. Brussels: European Commission.
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Auyero, Javier. 2003. Contentious Lives: Two Argentinian Women, Two Protests, and the Quest for Recognition. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Bakardjieva, Maria. 2009. “Subactivism: Lifeworld and Politics in the Age of the Internet.” Information Society 25(2): 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240802701627
Bang, Henrik. 2005. “Among Everyday Makers and Expert Citizens.” In Remaking Governance: Peoples, Politics and the Public Sphere, edited by J. Newman, 159–178. Bristol: Polity Press.
Bar-On, Tamir. 2014. “The French New Right. Neither Right nor Left?” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 8(1): 1–44. https://doi.org/10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0001
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2001. The Individualized Society. Cambridge: Polity.
Bayat, Asef. 2004. “Globalization and the Politics of the Informals in the Global South.” In Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia, edited by A. Roy and N. AlSayyad, 27–102. Oxford: Lexington Books.
Beck, Ulrich. 1997. The Reinvention of Politics: Rethinking Modernity in the Global Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beck, Ulrich, and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. 2001. Individualization. London: Sage.
Beck, Ulrich, and Nathan Sznaider. 2006. “Unpacking Cosmopolitanism for the Social Sciences: A Research Agenda.” British Journal of Sociology 57(1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00091.x
Bennett, Jane, and Michael J. Shapiro, eds. 2002. The Politics of Moralizing. New York: Routledge.
Bennett, W. Lance. 2012. “The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 644(1): 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212451428
Best, Steven, and Douglas Kellner. 1991. Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations. New York: Guilford Press.
Blee, Kathleen. 1996. “Becoming a Racist: Women in Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi Groups.” Gender and Society 10(6): 680–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124396010006002
Boudreau, Julie-Anne. 2017. Global Urban Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Boudreau, Julie-Anne, and Joëlle Rondeau. Forthcoming. The Aesthetics of Political Action. Youth Urban Worlds in Montreal. Hoboken: Wiley.
Burk, Tara. 2015. “Radical Distribution: AIDS Cultural Activism in New York City, 1986–1992.” Space and Culture 18(4): 436–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331215616095
Busher, Joel. 2016. The Making of an Anti-Muslim Protest. Grassroots Activism in the English Defence League. London: Routledge.
Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Rise of The Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 1. Hoboken: Wiley.
Connolly, William. 1999. Why I Am Not a Secularist. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Crettiez, Xavier, Romain Sèze, Bilel Ainine, and Thomas Lindermann. 2017. “Saisir les mécanisme de la radicalisation violente: pour une analyse processuelle et biographique des engagements violents” [Seizing the mechanisms of violent radicalisation: for a processual and biographical analysis of violent engagements]. Rapport de recherche pour la Mission de recherche Droit et Justice. Paris: Mission de recherche Droit et Justice.
Fangen, Katrine. 1999. “On the Margins of Life: Life Stories of Radical Nationalists.” Acta Sociologica 42(357): 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939904200405
Foucault, Michel. 1984. Histoire de la sexualité II. L’usage des plaisirs [The History of Sexuality, Vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure]. Paris: Gallimard.
Franks, Benjamin. 2003. “Direct Action Ethic. From 59 Upward.” Anarchist Studies 11(1): 13–41. Accessed 8 August 2019. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3036/1/Direct_action_ethic.pdf.
Frenzel, Fabian. 2014. “Exit the System? Anarchist Organisation in the British Climate Camps.” Ephemera 14(4): 901–921. http://www.ephemerajournal.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/contribution/14-4frenzel_0.pdf.
Froio, Caterina, and Pietro Castelli Gattinara. 2016. “Direct Social Action in Extreme Right Mobilizations: Ideological, Strategic and Organisational Incentives in the Italian Neo-Fascist Right.” Partecipazione e Conflitto 9(3): 1040–1066. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v9i3p1040.
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Giddens, Anthony, and Christopher Pierson. 1998. Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Giroux, Valéry. 2017. “Pythagore, la source philosophique des vegans” [Pythagoras, the philosophical source of vegans]. Le Devoir. http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/le-devoir-de-philo/511529/pythagore-la-source-philosophique-des-veganes.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston: Beacon Press.
Hamm, Mark S. 2004. “Apocalyptic Violence: The Seduction of Terrorist Subcultures.” Theoretical Criminology 8(3): 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480604044612
Hanisch, Carol. 1970. “The Personal Is Political.” In Notes From the Second Year: Women’s Liberation, edited by S. Firestone and A. Koedt, 76–77. New York: Associate Editor.
Harris, Anita, and Joshua Roose. 2014. “DIY Citizenship amongst Young Muslims: Experiences of the ‘Ordinary.’” Journal of Youth Studies 17(6): 794–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.844782
Harris, Anita, Johanna Wyn, and Salem Younes. 2010. “Beyond Apathetic or Activist Youth. ‘Ordinary’ Young People and Contemporary Forms of Participation.” Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research 18(1): 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/110330880901800103
Horgan, John. 2008. “From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes: Perspectives from Psychology on Radicalization into Terrorism.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 618(1): 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208317539
Kimmel, Michael. 2018. Healing from Hate. How Young Men Get Into – and Out of – Violent Extremism. Oakland: University of California Press.
Klandermans, Bert, and Nonna Mayer, eds. 2006. Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the Magnifying Glass. New York: Routeledge.
Lefebvre, Leah E. 2017. “Swiping Me Off My Feet: Explicating Relationship Initiation on Tinder.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35(9): 1205–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517706419
Lichterman, Paul. 1996. The Search for Political Community: American Activists Reinventing Commitment. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mahmood, Saba. 2005. Politics of Piety. The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mattsson, Christer, and Thomas Johansson. 2018. “Becoming, Belonging, and Leaving – Exit Processes among Neo-Nazis in Sweden.” Journal for Deradicalization 16: 33–69. Accessed 8 August 2019. http://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/161/125.
Murphy, Kevin D., and Sally O’Driscoll. 2015. “The Art/History of Resistance: Visual Ephemera in Public Space.” Space and Culture 18(4): 328–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331215596490
Nadeau, Frédérick, and Denise Helly. 2016. “Extreme Right in Quebec? The Facebook Pages in Favor of the ‘Quebec Charter of Values.’” Canadian Ethnic Studies 48(1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2016.0004
Pilkington, Hilary. 2016. Loud and Proud. Passion and Politics in the English Defence League. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Pisoiu, Daniela. 2015. “Subcultural Theory Applied to Jihadi and Right-Wing Radicalization in Germany.” Terrorism and Political Violence 27(1): 9-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.959406
Schafer, Joseph A., Christopher W. Mullins, and Stephanie Box. 2013. “Awakenings: The Emergence of White Supremacist Ideologies.” Deviant Behavior 35(3): 173–196 https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.834755
Sealey-Huggins, Leon. 2016. “Depoliticised Activism? Ambivalence and Pragmatism at the COP16.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36(9-10): 695–710. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/IJSSP-12-2015-0143. Accessed 22 October 2018.
Shapira, Harel. 2013. “From the Nativist’s Point of View: How Ethnography Can Enrich Our Understanding of Political Identity.” Sociological Quarterly 54(1): 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12007
Shoshan, Nitzan. 2008. “Placing the Extremes: Cityscape, Ethnic ‘Others’ and Young Right Extremists in East Berlin.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 16(3): 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782800802501013
Teitelbaum, Benjamin. 2017. “Implicitly White: Right-Wing Nihilism and the Politicizing of Ethnocentrism in Multiracial Sweden.” Scandinavian Studies 89(2): 159–178. https://doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.89.2.0159
White, Richard, Simon Springer, and Marcelo Lopes de Souza. 2016. “Performing Anarchism, Practising Freedom, Pursuing Revolt.” In The Practice of Freedom: Anarchism, Geography, and the Spirit of Revolt, edited by R. White, S. Springer, and M. Lopes de Souza, 1–22. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield International.
Téléchargements
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Les auteurs qui collaborent avec Anthropologica consentent à publier leurs articles sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution – Utilisation non commerciale 4.0 – International. Cette licence permet à quiconque de partager l’œuvre (reproduire, distribuer et communiquer) et de l’adapter à des fins non commerciales pourvu que l’œuvre soit adéquatement attribuée à son auteur et qu’en cas de réutilisation ou de distribution, les termes de cette licence soient clairement énoncés.
Les auteurs conservent leurs droits d’auteur et accordent à la revue le droit de première publication.
Les auteurs peuvent également conclure des ententes contractuelles additionnelles et séparées pour la diffusion non exclusive de la version de l’œuvre publiée par la revue (par ex. : l’affichage dans un dépôt institutionnel ou la parution dans un livre) qui devra être accompagnée d’une mention reconnaissant sa publication initiale dans cette revue.
