Encountering Chiefs in (a Search for) the State
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.2018-0024Mots-clés :
Chefs, État, politique, gouvernance, Îles Solomon, tradition, modernitéRésumé
Depuis le début du processus d’accession à l’indépendance des îles du Pacifique dans les années 1960, les anthropologues se sont intéressés au sort de la politique traditionnelle dans un contexte d’adoption des systèmes de gouvernance occidentaux et d’intégration économique mondiale. Quatre décennies plus tard, bien qu’une certaine forme d’État démocratique libéral occidental se soit banalisée, les institutions et idéologies coutumières demeurent prégnantes dans le tissu de nombreuses sociétés insulaires du Pacifique. Plutôt que d’annoncer leur disparition, l’introduction d’ordres politiques étrangers a par endroits conduit au renouveau et à la réinvention des traditions, en réaction aux expériences de décolonisation et d’intégration politico-économique mondiale. Aux Îles Salomon, la Constitution rédigée au moment de l’indépendance a reconnu l’importance des pratiques et de l’autorité coutumières pour l’orientation future du pays. Or, celles-ci ont été peu formalisées au sein de la politique moderne, ce qui soulève la question suivante : quelle est la relation entre les chefs et l’État aux Îles Salomon ? Le plus souvent, les chefs sont considérés comme des gardiens de la coutume concernés par des questions situées hors du champ de l’État moderne ou, dans certains cas, opposées à celui-ci. Cette caractérisation repose néanmoins sur une conceptualisation particulière de l’État, ce qui exclut d’autres façons d’interpréter l’organisation politique moderne, y compris les rôles joués par les formes politiques traditionnelles dans la formation de relations connues sous le nom d’État.
Téléchargements
Références
Akin, David. 1999. “Compensation and the Melanesian State: Why the Kwaio Keep Claiming.” The Contemporary Pacific 11(1): 35–67. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23717412.
Alasia, Sam. 1989. “Politics.” In Ples Blong Iumi: Solomon Islands the Past Four Thousand Years, edited by H. Laracy, 137–151. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of South Pacific. Suva. Pp. 137–151.
———. 1997. “Party Politics and Government in Solomon Islands.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Project Discussion Paper 97/7.
Allen, Matthew. 2012. “Land, Identity, and Conflict on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.” Australian Geographer 43(2): 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2012.682294.
———. 2013. Greed and Grievance. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Allen, Matthew, and Sinclair Dinnen. 2010. “The North Down Under: Antinomies of Conflict and Intervention in Solomon Islands.” Conflict, Security and Development 10(3): 299–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2010.484188.
Allen, Michael. 1984. “Elders, Chiefs, and Big Men: Authority Legitimation and Political Evolution in Melanesia.” American Ethnologist 11(1): 20–41. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1984.11.1.02a00020.
Aqorau, Transform. 2008. “Crisis in Solomon Islands: Foraging for New Directions.” In Politics and State Building in Solomon Islands, edited by S. Dinnen and S. Firth, 246–268. Canberra: ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press.
Aretxaga, Begoña. 2003. “Maddening States.” Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093341.
Baines, Graham. 2014. “Beneath the State: Chiefs of Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands, Coping and Adapting.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Working Paper Series 2.
Bayart, Jean-Francois. 1991. “Finishing with the Idea of the Third World: The Concept of the Political Trajectory.” In Rethinking Third World Politics, edited by J. Manor, 51–71. London and New York: Longman.
Bennett, Judith. 1987. Wealth of the Solomons. A History of a Pacific Archipelago, 1800–1978. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.
———. 2002. “Roots of Conflict in Solomon Islands Though Much is Taken, Much Abides: Legacies of Tradition and Colonialism.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper 02/5.
Berg, Cato. 2008. “A Chief Is a Chief Wherever He Goes: Land and Lines of Power in Vella Lavella, Solomon Islands.” PhD thesis, University of Bergen.
Braithwaite, Valerie, Sinclair Dinnen, Matthew Allen, John Braithwaite, and Hilary Charlesworth. 2010. Pillars and Shadows: Statebuilding as Peacebuilding in Solomon Islands. Canberra: ANU Press.
Brigg, Morgan. 2009. “Wantokism and State Building in the Solomon Islands: A Response to Fukuyama.” Pacific Economic Bulletin 24(3): 148–161.
Connell, John. 2006. “Saving the Solomons: A New Geopolitics in the Arc of Instability?” Geographical Research 44(2): 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2006.00372.x.
Corbett, John, and Terence Wood. 2013. “Profiling Politicians in Solomon Islands: Professionalisation of a Political Elite?” Australian Journal of Political Science 48(3): 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2013.821100.
Dinnen, Sinclair. 2002. “Winners and Losers: Politics and Disorder in the Solomon Islands 2000-2002.” The Journal of Pacific History 37(3): 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022334022000047830.
———. 2007. “A Comment on State-Building in Solomon Islands.” The Journal of Pacific History 42(2): 255–263.
———. 2008. “Dilemmas of Intervention and the Building of a State and Nation.” In Politics and State Building in Solomon Islands, edited by S. Dinnen and S. Frith, 1–38. Canberra: ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press.
Dinnen, Sinclair, and Stewart Firth, eds. 2008. Politics and State Building in Solomon Islands. Canberra: ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press.
Dureau, Christine. 1998. “Decreed Affinities: Nationhood and the Western Solomon Islands”. The Journal of Pacific History 33(2): 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349808572870
Feinberg, Richard. 1990. “The Solomon Islands' Tenth Anniversary of Independence: Problems of National Symbolism and National Integration”. Pacific Studies 13(2): 19–40.
Fifi'i, Jonathan. 1989. From Pig-Theft to Parliament: My Life between Two Worlds, translated by R. Keesing. Honiara: Solomon Islands College of Higher Education and the University of the South Pacific.
Fraenkel, Jon. 2004. The Manipulation of Custom: From Uprising to Intervention in the Solomon Islands. Wellington: Victoria University Press.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2008. “State-Building in Solomon Islands.” Pacific Economic Bulletin 23().
Gupta, Akhil. 2006 [1995]. “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State.” In The Anthropology of the State: A Reader, edited by A. Sharma and A. Gupta, 211–242. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Gupta, Akhil, and Aradhana Sharma. 2006. “Globalization and Postcolonial States.” Current Anthropology 47(2): 277–307. https://doi.org/10.1086/499549.
Hansen, Thomas Blom, and Finn Stepputat, eds. 2001. States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Hill, Jonathan. 2005. “Beyond the Other? A Postcolonial Critique of the Failed State Thesis.” African Identities 3(2): 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840500235381.
Hviding, Edvard. 1993. “Indigenous Essentialism? ‘Simplifying’ Customary Land Ownership in New Georgia, Solomon Islands.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 149(4): 802–824. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003114.
———. 2003. “Contested Rainforests, NGOs, and Projects of Desire in Solomon Islands.” International Social Science Journal 55(178): 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8701.2003.05504003.x.
———. 2015. “Big Money in the Rural: Wealth and Dispossession in Western Solomons Political Economy.” The Journal of Pacific History 50(4): 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2015.1101818.
Jourdan, Christine. 1995. “Stepping Stones to National Consciousness: The Solomon Islands Case.” In Nation Making: Emergent Identities in Post-Colonial Melanesia, edited by R.J. Foster, 127–150. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kabutaulaka, Tarcisius T. 1998. “Deforestation and Politics in Solomon Islands.” In Governance and Reform in the South Pacific, edited by P. Larmour, 121–153. National Centre for Development Studies Pacific Policy Paper No. 23. Canberra.
———. 2001. “Beyond Ethnicity: The Political Economy of the Guadalcanal Crisis in Solomon Islands.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Working Paper 01/1.
———. 2002. “A Weak State and the Solomon Islands Peace Process”. East–West Center Working Papers: Pacific Islands Development Series 14: 1–34.
———. 2004. “ ‘Failed State’ and the War on Terror: Intervention in the Solomon Islands.” Asia Pacific Issues: East–West Center (72).
———. 2008. “Westminster Meets the Solomons in the Honiara Riots.” In Politics and State Building in Solomon Islands, edited by S. Dinnen and S. Frith, 96–118. Canberra: ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press.
Keesing, Roger M. 1968. “Chiefs in a Chiefless Society: The Ideology of Modern Kwaio Politics.” Oceania 38: 276–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1968.tb00973.x.
_________. 1982. “Kastom and Anticolonialism on Malaita: ‘Culture’ as Political Symbol.” Mankind 13(4): 357–373.
———.1985. “Killers, Big Men, and Priests on Malaita: Reflections on a Melanesian Troika System.” Ethnology 24(4): 237–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773736.
———. 1992. Custom and Confrontation: The Kwaio Struggle for Cultural Autonomy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
———. 1994. “Colonial and Counter-colonial Discourse in Melanesia.” Critique of Anthropology 14(1): 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275x9401400103.
———. 1997. “Tuesday’s Chiefs Revisited.” In Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State, edited by G. White and L. Lindstrom, 253–263. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Keesing, Roger M., and Peter Corris. 1980. Lightning Meets the West Wind: The Malaita Massacre. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kwa’ioloa, Michael, and Ben Burt. 1997. Living Tradition: A Changing Life in Solomon Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
———. 2012. The Chiefs’ Country: Leadership and Politics in Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pacific Studies Series. UQ ePress.
Larmour, Peter. 1997. “Conclusions: Chiefs and States Today.” In Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State, edited by G. White and L. Lindstrom, 276–290. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
———. 1998. “Making Sense of Good Governance.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper 98/5.
———. 2000. “Explaining Institutional Failure in Melanesia.” Pacific Economic Bulletin 15(2): 143–151.
———. 2005. Foreign Flowers: Institutional Transfer and Good Governance in the Pacific Islands. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Lindstrom, Lamont. 1981. “‘Big Man:’ A Short Terminological History.” American Anthropologist 83(4): 900–905. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1981.83.4.02a00140.
———. 1984. “Doctor, Lawyer, Wise Man, Priest: Big-Men and Knowledge in Melanesia.” Man 19(2): 291–309. https://doi.org/10.2307/2802282.
Lindstrom, Lamont, and Geoffrey M. White. 1997. “Introduction: Chiefs Today.” In Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State, edited by G.M. White and L. Lindstrom, 1–18. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
McDougall, Debra L. 2015. “Customary Authority and State Withdrawal in Solomon Islands: Resilience or Tenacity?” The Journal of Pacific History 50(4): 450–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2015.1110102.
McDougall, Derek. 2004. “Intervention in Solomon Islands.” The Round Table 93(374): 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358530410001679548.
Michelutti, Lucia. 2007. “The Vernacularization of Democracy: Political Participation and Popular Politics in North India.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 13: 639–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00448.x.
Moore, Clive. 2004. Happy Isles in Crisis: The Historical Causes for a Failing State in Solomon Islands 1998–2004. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press.
———. 2010. “Decolonising the Solomon Islands: British Theory and Melanesian Practice.” Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University.
Morgan, Michael. 2005. “Cultures of Dominance: Institutional and Cultural Influences on Parliamentary Politics in Melanesia.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper 05/2.
Oppermann, Thiago Cintra 2015. “Fake It until You Make It: Searching for Mimesis in Buka Village Politics.” Oceania 85(2): 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5085.
Poluha, Eva, and Mona Rosendahl. 2002. “Introduction: People, Power, and Public Spaces.” In Contesting “Good” Governance: Crosscultural Perspectives on Representation, Accountability and Public Space, edited by E. Poluha and M. Rosendahl, 1–36. London/New York: Psychology Press.
Ride, Anouk, and Diana Bretherton. 2011. Community Resilience in Natural Disasters. New York: PalgraveMacmillan US.
Sahlins, Marshall. 1963. “Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 5(3): 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500001729.
Sharma, Aradhana, and Akhil Gupta. 2006. “Introduction: Rethinking Theories of the State in an Age of Globalisation.”In The Anthropology of the State: A Reader, edited by A. Sharma and A. Gupta, 1–41. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Steeves, Jeffrey S. 1996. “Unbounded Politics in the Solomon Islands: Leadership and Party Alignments.” Pacific Studies 19(1): 115.
Toito’ona, Ronald. 2015. “Police, Chiefs in Consultation.” Solomon Star Newspaper. 8 October. http://www.solomonstarnews.com/index.php/news/national/item/16381-police-chiefs-in-consultation.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 2001. “The Anthropology of the State in the Age of Globalization: Close Encounters of the Deceptive Kind.” Current Anthropology 42(1): 125–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/3596474.
Tucker Sade, Alexis. 2017. “Incorporating the Archipelago: The Imposition and Acculturation of the Solomon Islands State.” PhD dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
White, Geoffrey. 1997. “The Discourse of Chiefs: Notes on a Melanesian Society.” In Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State, edited by G. White and L. Lindstrom, 229–252. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
———. 2007. “Indigenous Governance in Melanesia.” State Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, 1–17.
———. 2013. “Chiefs, Church, and State in Santa Isabel Solomon Islands.” In Christian Politics in Oceania, edited by M. Tomlinson and D. McDougall, 171–197. New York: Berghahn Books.
White, Geoffrey M., and Lamont Lindstrom, eds. 1997. Chiefs Today: Traditional Pacific Leadership and the Postcolonial State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Wood, Terence. 2014. “Understanding Electoral Politics in Solomon Islands”. Centre for Democratic Institutions Discussion Paper 2014/2.
Yang, Shu-Yuan. 2005. “Imagining the State: An Ethnographic Study.” Ethnography 6(4): 487–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138105062474.
Téléchargements
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Les auteurs qui collaborent avec Anthropologica consentent à publier leurs articles sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution – Utilisation non commerciale 4.0 – International. Cette licence permet à quiconque de partager l’œuvre (reproduire, distribuer et communiquer) et de l’adapter à des fins non commerciales pourvu que l’œuvre soit adéquatement attribuée à son auteur et qu’en cas de réutilisation ou de distribution, les termes de cette licence soient clairement énoncés.
Les auteurs conservent leurs droits d’auteur et accordent à la revue le droit de première publication.
Les auteurs peuvent également conclure des ententes contractuelles additionnelles et séparées pour la diffusion non exclusive de la version de l’œuvre publiée par la revue (par ex. : l’affichage dans un dépôt institutionnel ou la parution dans un livre) qui devra être accompagnée d’une mention reconnaissant sa publication initiale dans cette revue.
