Gift-Commodity Entanglements: Repositioning (In)Formality in a Transnational Philippine Market Trade
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.2017-0056Mots-clés :
Philippines, informel, légal/illégal, esprit d’entreprise, échange de cadeaux/marchandises, commerce transnationalRésumé
Les Philippins travaillant à l’étranger (Overseas Filipino Workers) envoient régulièrement de l’argent ou des dons en nature (cosmétiques, vitamines, vêtements . . .) à leur famille aux Philippines. Ces dons ne sont pas soumis à des droits de douane parce que, comme l’argent liquide, ils contribuent à l’économie philippine et subviennent aux besoins des familles. Or, dans la mesure où les politiques économiques de l’État n’ont pas su répondre adéquatement aux besoins de subsistance des citoyens, les bénéficiaires de dons et les entrepreneurs philippins, tels ceux de Baguio dans le nord du pays, opérationnalisent ce flux transnational de marchandises en détournant certains de ces dons vers les zones grises du marché public – des transactions qui chevauchent les pratiques informelles/formelles d’échange de dons/marchandises et qui sont parfois de nature extra-légale. Ainsi, les résidents de Baguio vendent ou échangent sur les marchés publics les dons qu’ils sont incapables d’utiliser. A leur tour, les entrepreneurs offrent certains de ces dons, ou les revenus de leur vente, à des programmes communautaires afin d’entretenir de bonnes relations avec leur clientèle. Au même moment, les fonctionnaires de l’Etat autorisent ou restreignent, en fonction de l’agenda gouvernemental, l’importation et la vente de dons en franchise d’impôts. Au vu du fait que les transferts d’argent et de dons en nature soutiennent toujours l’économie philippine, j’affirme que le gouvernement et les entrepreneurs utilisent eux aussi l’informel comme logique d’organisation urbaine dès lors que cette pratique est à leur avantage.
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