“The Grind Never Stops” Mental Health and Expectations of Productivity in the North American University
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica65120232035Mots-clés :
santé mentale , étudiants universitaires , néoliberalisme, jeunes, productivité, phénoménologie critiqueRésumé
Selon une approche phénoménologique critique, j’explore la manière dont le contexte social néolibéral de l’université nord-américaine produit des attentes normatives qui interagissent avec les expériences des étudiants et leur compréhension des problèmes de santé mentale dans cet environnement, tout en les modelant. Les données que j’analyse proviennent d’entrevues semi- dirigées avec 24 étudiants universitaires âgés de 18 à 24 ans qui s’identifient comme ayant des problèmes de santé mentale, ainsi que d’observations participantes lors d’activités de bien-être à l’université. Dans ce contexte, les étudiants et l’université considèrent le bien-être comme la capacité à maintenir une productivité académique constante. Alors que les programmes universitaires de bien-être promeuvent « l’auto-soin » individualisé et orienté vers des objectifs comme la norme pour atteindre et maintenir le bien-être, les étudiants considèrent souvent les activités d’auto-soin comme inefficaces, donnant la priorité à la productivité académique plutôt qu’au bien-être subjectif en s’efforçant de maintenir l’image du « bon » étudiant. Je soutiens que cette conception de la santé mentale cause et exacerbe le mal, en introduisant le contraste conceptuel entre le « bien-être de l’étudiant » – la réussite académique – et le « bien-être de l’humain» – le bien-être subjectif – comme moyen de comprendre comment les tentatives des universités d’accroître le bien-être soutiennent souvent des agendas néolibéraux au détriment du bien-être de leurs étudiants.
Téléchargements
Références
Anderson-Fye, Eileen P., and Jerry Floersch. 2011. “‘I’m Not Your Typical “Homework Stresses Me Out” Kind of Girl’: Psychological Anthropology in Research on College Student Usage of Psychiatric Medications and Mental Health Services.” Ethos 39(4): 501–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1352.2011.01209.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1352.2011.01209.x
Beatty, Andrew. 2016. “Psychological Anthropology: An Awkward Hybrid?” In The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Anthropology, edited by Coleman Simon, Hyatt Susan B., and Kingsolver Ann, 398–415. New York: Routledge.
Bergey, Meredith R. 2017. “The Changing Drivers of Medicalisation.” In Routledge International Handbook of Critical Mental Health. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315399584-21
Bindhulakshmi, P. 2012. “The ‘Diagnosed’ Body: Embodied Experiences of Mental Illness.” Indian Anthropologist 42(1): 39–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41922007.
Blum, Susan D. 2016. I Love Learning; I Hate School. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501703416
Christie, Hazel, Lyn Tett, Vivienne E. Cree, Jenny Hounsell, and Velda McCune. 2008. “‘A Real Rollercoaster of Confidence and Emotions’: Learning to Be a University Student.” Studies in Higher Education 33(5): 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802373040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802373040
Cohen, Bruce. 2017. “Marxist Theory.” In Routledge International Handbook of Critical Mental Health edited by Bruce Cohen, 1st edition. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315399584-1
Condra, Mike, Mira Dineen, Sarah Gauthier, Helen Gills, Anita Jack-Davies, and Eleanor Condra. 2015. “Academic Accommodations for Postsecondary Students with Mental Health Disabilities in Ontario, Canada: A Review of the Literature and Reflections on Emerging Issues.” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 28(3): 277–291. http://www.ahead-archive.org/uploads/publications/JPED/jped28_3/JPED28_3_Final.pdf
Council of Ontario Universities. 2017. “In It Together.” https://ontariosuniversities.ca/reports/in-it-together
Desjarlais, Robert, and C. Jason Throop. 2011. “Phenomenological Approaches in Anthropology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 40(1): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092010-153345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092010-153345
Dolmage, Jay Timothy. 2017. Academic Ableism: Disability and Higher Education. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9708722
Ganti, Tejaswini. 2014. “Neoliberalism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 43(1): 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155528
Geert Van Hove, Elisabeth De Schauwer, Katrien De Munck, Ruth Cnockaert, Stephanie Claus, Alice Schippers, and Sigried Lievens. 2014. “Disclosure and the Double Bind Processes of Students with Disabilities in Institutions for Higher Education: Disability Studies Going from Studying Processes of ‘Disablism’ to the Study of Wider Processes of ‘Ableism.’” DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies 1 (1): 21. https://doi.org/10.11116/jdivegendstud.1.1.0021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11116/jdivegendstud.1.1.0021
Goffman, Erving. 1968. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books.
Gordon, Loa. 2019. Perceptions and Experiences of Self-Care Among Students with Mental Health Struggles. Master’s thesis, University of Guelph.
Grinker, Roy Richard. 2007. Unstrange Minds: Remapping the World of Autism. New York: Basic Books.
———. 2020. “Autism, ‘Stigma,’ Disability: A Shifting Historical Terrain.” Current Anthropology 61 (S21): S55–67. https://doi.org/10.1086/705748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/705748
Helman, Cecil G. 1981. “Disease versus Illness in General Practice.” The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 31(230): 548–552. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1972172/
Jenkins, Janis H., ed. 2010. “Introduction.” In Pharmaceutical Self: The Global Shaping of Experience in an Age of Psychopharmacology. Advanced Seminar Series. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Kessler, Ronald C., Patricia Berglund, Olga Demler, Robert Jin, Kathleen R. Merikangas, and Ellen E. Walters. 2005. “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Archives of General Psychiatry 62(6): 593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kirmayer, Laurence J. 1994. “Improvisation and Authority in Illness Meaning.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18: 183–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379449
Kleinman, Arthur. 1978. “Concepts and a Model for the Comparison of Medical Systems as Cultural Systems.” Social Science and Medicine 12: 85–93. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0160798778900145?via%3Dihub DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7987(78)90014-5
Kleinman, Arthur, Leon Eisenberg, and Byron J. Good. 1978. “Culture, Illness, and Care: Clinical Lessons from Anthropologic and Cross-Cultural Research.” Annals of Internal Medicine 88(2): 251–258. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-251
Kranke, Derrick, Sarah E. Jackson, Debbie A. Taylor, Eileen Anderson-Fye, and Jerry Floersch. 2013. “College Student Disclosure of Non-Apparent Disabilities to Receive Classroom Accommodations.” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 26 (1): 35–51. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/College-Student-Disclosure-of-Non-Apparent-to-Kranke-Jackson/bb6c94eefd16f97dc4aad785c8602342da2b2ec6
Lester, Rebecca J. 2011. “How Do I Code for Black Fingernail Polish? Finding the Missing Adolescent in Managed Mental Health Care: Adolescents in Managed Mental Health Care.” Ethos 39(4): 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1352.2011.01210.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1352.2011.01210.x
Linden, Brooke, Samantha Grey, and Heather Stuart. 2018. “National Standard for Psychological Health and Safety of Post-Secondary Students Scoping Review,”107. https://occccco.files.wordpress.com/2018/12/mhcc-standard-report-draft-final-report-20july2018.pdf
Luhrmann, Tanya M. 2000. Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Martin, Emily. 2007. Bipolar Expeditions: Mania and Depression in American Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829590
Mattingly, Cheryl. 2019. “Critical Phenomenology and Mental Health: Moral Experience under Extraordinary Conditions.” Ethos 47(1): 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12230
Nakamura, Karen. 2013. A Disability of the Soul: An Ethnography of Schizophrenia and Mental Illness in Contemporary Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Nishida, Akemi. 2016. “Neoliberal Academia and a Critique from Disability Studies.” In Occupying Disability: Critical Approaches to Community, Justice and Decolonizing Disability, edited by Pamela Bloch, Devva Kasnitz, Nishida, and Nick Pollard, 145-157. New York: Springer, Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9984-3_10
Ontario University and College Health Association. 2017. “Supporting the Mental Health of Emerging Adults in Ontario’s Post-Secondary System.” http://oucha.ca/pdf/mental_health/Oucha-Paper-April-2017.pdf
Ortner, Sherry. 2011. “On Neoliberalism.” Anthropology of This Century (blog). May 2011. http://aotcpress.com/articles/neoliberalism/.
Raphael, Beverley. 2015. “Mental Illness and Psychiatry Have Seen Substantial Change—But There Is Still a Long Way To Go.” In Change!: Combining Analytic Approaches with Street Wisdom, edited by Gabriele Bammer, 1st edition, 177-192. Canberra: ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CCAASW.07.2015.12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22459/CCAASW.07.2015.12
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, and Margaret Lock. 1986. “Speaking ‘Truth’ to Illness: Metaphors, Reification, and a Pedagogy for Patients.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 17(5): 137–140. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1986.17.5.02a00100
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, and Margaret M. Lock. 1987. “The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1(1): 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020
Skultans, Vieda. 1991. “Anthropology and Psychiatry: The Uneasy Alliance.” Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 28(1): 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346159102800101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/136346159102800101
Stallman, Helen M. 2010. “Psychological Distress in University Students: A Comparison with General Population Data.” Australian Psychologist 45(4): 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
Stein, Kathleen F. 2013. “DSS and Accommodations in Higher Education: Perceptions of Students with Psychological Disabilities.” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 26(2), 145–161. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1026925
Szasz, Thomas S. 1960. “The Myth of Mental Illness.” The American Psychologist 15(2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046535
Tran, Allen L. 2017. “Neurasthenia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and the Medicalization of Worry in a Vietnamese Psychiatric Hospital: The Medicalization of Worry in Vietnam.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 31(2): 198–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12297
Tseris, Emma. 2017. “Biomedicine, Neoliberalism and the Pharmaceuticalisation of Society.” In Routledge International Handbook of Critical Mental Health. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315399584-23
University of Guelph. 2020. “University of Guelph – Fact Book 2019–2020,” 75. https://irp.uoguelph.ca/system/files/UofG-Fact-Book-2019-2020_DigiAccess_0.pdf
Whyte, Susan Reynolds. 2009. “Health Identities and Subjectivities:” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 23(1): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2009.01034.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2009.01034.x
Young, Allen. 1996. The Harmony of Illusions : Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400821938
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Adrianna Wiley 2023
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Les auteurs qui collaborent avec Anthropologica consentent à publier leurs articles sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution – Utilisation non commerciale 4.0 – International. Cette licence permet à quiconque de partager l’œuvre (reproduire, distribuer et communiquer) et de l’adapter à des fins non commerciales pourvu que l’œuvre soit adéquatement attribuée à son auteur et qu’en cas de réutilisation ou de distribution, les termes de cette licence soient clairement énoncés.
Les auteurs conservent leurs droits d’auteur et accordent à la revue le droit de première publication.
Les auteurs peuvent également conclure des ententes contractuelles additionnelles et séparées pour la diffusion non exclusive de la version de l’œuvre publiée par la revue (par ex. : l’affichage dans un dépôt institutionnel ou la parution dans un livre) qui devra être accompagnée d’une mention reconnaissant sa publication initiale dans cette revue.
