Avant-propos : Retour sur le débat relatif aux territoires de chasse familiaux algonquiens

Toby Morantz

doi:10.3138/anth.60.1.t05

Auteurs-es

Toby Morantz département d'anthropologie, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.60.1.t05

Mots-clés :

Cris, Eeyou Istchee, territoires de chasse familiaux, débat sur les territoires de chasse familiaux, terrains de piégeage enregistrés, autorité, conservation, gestion des ressources, communisme primitif

Résumé

Il y a trente-deux ans, Anthropologica consacrait un double numéro aux controverses et polémiques ayant fait rage autour du régime foncier des Algonquiens du nord, notamment autour de la nature des territoires de chasse familiaux, identifiés et désignés pour la première fois par Frank Speck en 1915, conformément aux conceptions occidentales de la propriété. En 1970, les voix dominantes étaient celles d'Eleanor Leacock et de Julian Steward qui réfutaient tous deux l'affirmation de Speck selon laquelle ce régime foncier était autochtone. Ceux-ci soutenaient, au contraire, qu'il était issu du commerce européen de la fourrure. L'opposition était si forte qu'on en est venu à la qualifier de débat. Par la suite, dans les années 1970, des étudiants en anthropologie ont découvert que les territoires de chasse familiaux, notamment ceux des Cris de l'est de la baie James, les Eeyou Istchee, ne correspondaient pas à ce qu'en disait la littérature. Revenant sur la publication de 1986, cette communication retrace l'histoire de ce débat et extrait des articles des différents auteurs les principaux arguments relatifs aux pratiques des Cris et des autres peuples subarctiques. Parmi les sujets abordés figurent la nature de la territorialité, la flexibilité du système cri, les attentes des maitres de chasse, le chevauchement entre systèmes traditionnels et gouvernementaux, la gestion des ressources et la documentation historique de l'existence précoce de territoires de chasse familiaux. Leacock ayant formulé son rejet de l'idée d'un développement précoce des territoires de chasse familiaux à la lumière du communisme primitif, ce thème est lui aussi réexaminé.

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