Facsimileing the State: The Bureaucracy of Document Transmission in Israeli Human Rights NGOs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.60.1.t24Keywords:
Israel/Palestine, NGOs, documents, colonialism, human rights, faxAbstract
This article focuses on faxes as techno-social activity, and on the part they play in infrastructures of mediation. It anthropologically examines how document transmissions function as practices of power and its undoing, using the case of anti-occupation Israeli NGOs that document human rights violations in the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. The article ethnographically traces the initial transmission of documents (mainly testimonies) to the office from the field, and the eventual transmission of legal documents (mainly complaints) from NGOs to the state of Israel, practices that constitute symmetries between state and NGO bureaucracies. This odd mirroring raises questions about what we take for granted about a shared infrastructure of communication.
Downloads
References
Allen, Lori A. 2008. “Getting by the Occupation: How Violence Became Normal during the Second Palestinian Intifada.” Cultural Anthropology 23(3): 453–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00015.x
Allen, Lori A. 2009. “Martyr Bodies in the Media: Human Rights, Aesthetics, and the Politics of Immediation in the Palestinian Intifada.” American Ethnologist 36(1): 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.01100.x
Allen, Lori A. 2013. The Rise and Fall of Human Rights: Cynicism and Politics in Occupied Palestine. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Arondekar, Anjali. 2009. For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391029
Ball, Anna. 2014. “Kafka at the West Bank Checkpoint: De-normalizing the Palestinian Encounter before the Law.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 50(1): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2013.850245
Barker, Joshua. 2008. “Playing with Publics: Technology, Talk and Sociability in Indonesia.” Language & Communication 28(2): 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2008.01.002
Berda, Yael. 2012. The Bureaucracy of the Occupation: The Permit Regime in the West Bank, 2000–2006 [in Hebrew: Ha'birokartia shel ha'kibush: mishtar heiterei ha'tnu'a bagada ha'ma'a'ravit 2000–2006]. Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad
Berda, Yael. 2013. “Managing Dangerous Populations: Colonial Legacies of Security and Surveillance.” Sociological Forum 28(3): 627–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12042
Berda, Yael. 2017. Living Emergency: Israel's Permit Regime in the Occupied West Bank. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Berkovitch, Nitza, and Neve Gordon. 2008. “The Political Economy of Transnational Regimes: The Case of Human Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 52(4): 881–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00530.x
Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge
Bishara, Amahl A. 2013. Back Stories: U.S. News Production and Palestinian Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Bornstein, Avram S. 2002. Crossing the Green Line between the West Bank and Israel. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
Bubandt, Nils. 2009. “From the Enemy's Point of View: Violence, Empathy, and the Ethnography of Fakes.” Cultural Anthropology 24(3): 553–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2009.01040.x
Chouliaraki, Lilie. 2011. “‘Improper Distance': Towards a Critical Account of Solidarity as Irony.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 14(4): 363–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877911403247
Cohen, Hillel. 2010. Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967. Berkeley: University of California Press
Comaroff, John L. 1998. “Reflections on the Colonial State, in South Africa and Elsewhere: Factions, Fragments, Facts, and Fictions.” Social Identities 4(3): 321–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504639851663
D'Andrade, Roy G., and Claudia Strauss, eds. 1992. Human Motives and Cultural Models. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166515
Das, Veena, and Deborah Poole, eds. 2004. Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Santa Fe, NM and Oxford, UK: School of American Research Press
Dave, Naisargi. 2012. Queer Activism in India: A Story in the Anthropology of Ethics. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395683
Drążkiewicz-Grodzicka, Elżbieta. 2016. “‘State Bureaucrats' and ‘Those NGO People': Promoting the Idea of Civil Society, Hindering the State.” Critique of Anthropology 36(4): 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X16654553
Elyachar, Julia. 2003. “Mappings of Power: The State, NGOs, and International Organizations in the Informal Economy of Cairo.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 45(3): 571–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417503000264
Erikson, Susan L. 2012. “Global Health Business: The Production and Performativity of Statistics in Sierra Leone and Germany.” Medical Anthropology 31(4): 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.621908
Fassin, Didier. 2008. “The Humanitarian Politics of Testimony: Subjectification through Trauma in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” Cultural Anthropology 23(3): 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00017.x
Feldman, Ilana. 2008. Governing Gaza: Bureaucracy, Authority, and the Work of Rule, 1917–1967. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822389132
Gershon, Ilana. 2010. “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Media Switching and Media Ideologies.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20(2): 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01076.x
Geva, Maayan. 2016. Law, Politics and Violence in Israel/Palestine. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34153-8
Goodale, Mark. 2006. “Toward a Critical Anthropology of Human Rights.” Current Anthropology 47(3): 485–511. https://doi.org/10.1086/503061
Gordon, Neve. 2008a. Israel's Occupation. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520255302.001.0001
Gordon, Neve. 2008b. “Human Rights, Social Space and Power: Why Do Some NGOs Exert More Influence than Others?” International Journal of Human Rights 12(1): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980701725178
Grinberg, Omri. 2016a. “Constructing Impossibility: Israeli State Discourses about Palestinian Child Labour.” Children & Society 30(5): 396–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12177
Grinberg, Omri. 2016b. “Radical Indeterminancies: Affirmations and Subversions of the Separation Wall – the Case of the Palestinian Children of the Junction.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 31(3): 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2016.1174600
Gupta, Akhil. 1995. “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State.” American Ethnologist 22(2): 375–402. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1995.22.2.02a00090
Hajjar, Lisa. 2005. Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520241930.001.0001
Hammami, Rema. 2000. “Palestinian NGOs since Oslo: From NGO Politics to Social Movements?” Middle East Report [New York, NY] 214:16–48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1520188
Ḥanafī, Sārī, and Lindā Ṭabar. 2003. “The Intifada and the Aid Industry: The Impact of the New Liberal Agenda on the Palestinian NGOs.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 23(1–2):205–214. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-23-1-2-205
Ḥanafī, Sārī, and Lindā Ṭabar. 2005. The Emergence of a Palestinian Globalized Elite: Donors, International Organizations, and Local NGOs. Jerusalem [Ramallah]: Institute of Jerusalem Studies; Muwatin, Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy
Handelman, Don. 1998. Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events. New York: Berghahn Books
Handelman, Don. 2004. Nationalism and the Israeli State: Bureaucratic Logic in Public Events. Oxford, UK and New York, NY: Berg
Helman, Sara. 2015. “Challenging the Israeli Occupation through Testimony and Confession: The Case of Anti-Denial SMOs Machsom Watch and Breaking the Silence.” International Journal of Politics Culture and Society 28(4): 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-015-9198-y
Hetherington, Kregg. 2011. Guerrilla Auditors: The Politics of Transparency in Neoliberal Paraguay. Durham and London: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822394266
Hochberg, Gil Z. 2015. Visual Occupations: Violence and Visibility in a Conflict Zone. Durham and London: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822375517
Hull, Matthew S. 2012a. “Documents and Bureaucracy.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1): 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104953
Hull, Matthew S. 2012b. Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press
Jones, Reece. 2012. Border Walls: Security and the War on Terror in the United States, India and Israel. London and New York: Zed Books
Kafka, Ben. 2012. The Demon of Writing: Powers and Failures of Paperwork. New York: Zone Books
Kelly, Tobias. 2006a. “Documented Lives: Fear and the Uncertainties of Law during the Second Palestinian Intifada.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 12(1): 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00282.x
Kelly, Tobias. 2006b. Law, Violence and Sovereignty among West Bank Palestinians. Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press
Kelly, Tobias. 2008. “The Attractions of Accountancy: Living an Ordinary Life during the Second Palestinian Intifada.” Ethnography 9(3): 351–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108094975
Kuntsman, Adi, and Rebecca L. Stein. 2015. Digital Militarism: Israel's Occupation in the Social Media Age. Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic Societies and Cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Larkin, B. 2004. “Degraded Images, Distorted Sounds: Nigerian Video and the Infrastructure of Piracy.” Public Culture 16(2): 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-16-2-289
Marshall, David Jones. 2014. “Save (Us from) the Children: Trauma, Palestinian Childhood, and the Production of Governable Subjects.” Children's Geographies 12(3): 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.922678
Merry, Sally Engle. 2016. The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking. Chicago Series in Law and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226261317.001.0001
Navaro-Yashin, Y. 2007. “Make-Believe Papers, Legal Forms and the Counterfeit: Affective Interactions between Documents and People in Britain and Cyprus.” Anthropological Theory 7(1): 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499607074294
Ophir, Adi. 2001. Working for the Present [in Hebrew: Avodat Ha'Hove]. Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad
Perugini, Nicola, and Neve Gordon. 2015. The Human Right to Dominate. Oxford Studies in Culture and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199365012.001.0001
Peteet, Julie. 2008. “Stealing Time.” Middle East Report [New York, NY] 248: 14–15
Richard, Analiese M. 2009. “Mediating Dilemmas: Local NGOs and Rural Development in Neoliberal Mexico.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review 32(2): 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01040.x
Ron, James. 2003. Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press
Roy, Sara. 2012. “Reconceptualizing the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Key Paradigm Shifts.” Journal of Palestine Studies 41(3): 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.3.71
Schwartz, Hillel. 2014. The Culture of the Copy: Striking Likenesses, Unreasonable Facsimiles. Rev. and updated ed. New York: Zone Books
Sfard, Michael. 2009. “The Price of Internal Legal Opposition to Human Rights Abuses.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 1(1): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hun002
Stein, Rebecca L. 2017. “GoPro Occupation: Networked Cameras, Israeli Military Rule, and the Digital Promise.” Current Anthropology 58(S15): S56–S64. https://doi.org/10.1086/688869
Stoler, Laura Ann. 2008. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and the Colonial Common Sense. Princeton: University of Princeton Press
Thomson, Marnie J. 2012. “Black Boxes of Bureaucracy: Transparency and Opacity in the Resettlement Process of Congolese Refugees.” PoLaR 35(2): 186–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1555-2934.2012.01198.x
Weber, Max. 2013 [1922]. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Weizman, Eyal. 2007. Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation. London and New York: Verso
Weizman, Eyal. 2011. The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. London and New York: Verso
Winston, Briann. 1998. Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet. London and New York: Routledge
Yates, JoAnne. 1993. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors contributing to Anthropologica agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported license. This licence allows anyone to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal right of first publication.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.