Maintaining the Carceral Echo Chamber: Tensions Within the Anti-Trafficking Movement in Canada

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica64120221071

Keywords:

human trafficking, sex work, human rights, non-governmental organizations, Canada

Abstract

The anti-trafficking movement in Canada has grown rapidly since the
late 2000s, branding itself as a feminist human rights-based effort to eliminate
human trafficking and taken up by the Government of Canada to position itself
as a benevolent leader on the international stage. Focusing on the membership
of an anti-trafficking coalition in Toronto, Canada, this article explores how the
movement creates moral spaces that validate a wide range of anti-trafficking
efforts. In unpacking how tensions between members are navigated through
the suppression of direct conflict and an ethos of collaboration, it demonstrates
how carceral feminist approaches to imagining and eliminating human
trafficking continue to remain dominant despite a growth in the efforts of
individual members to promote harm reduction and reduce the criminalization
of marginalized communities.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agustin, Laura. 2007. Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry. London: Zed Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350222496

Backhouse, Constance B. 1985. “Nineteenth-Century Canadian Prostitution Law: Reflection of a Discriminatory Society.” Social History 28 (36): 387–423.

Barrett, Nicole. 2010. An Exploration of Promising Practices in Response to Human Trafficking in Canada. Vancouver: International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy.

Bernstein, Elizabeth. 2010. “Militarized Humanitarianism Meets Carceral Feminism: The Politics of Sex, Rights, and Freedom in Contemporary AntiTrafficking Campaigns.” Signs 36 (1): 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/652918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/652918

Brennan, Denise. 2014. Life Interrupted: Trafficking into Forced Labour in the United States. Durham – London: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822376910

Bruckert, Chris, and Colette Parent. 2002. Trafficking in Human Beings and Organized Crime: A Literature Review. Ottawa: Research and Evaluation Branch Community, Contract and Aboriginal Policing Services Directorate – Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Clancey, Alison, Noushin Khushrushahi, and Julie Ham. 2014. “Do Evidence-Based Approaches Alienate Canadian Anti-Trafficking Funders?” Anti-Trafficking Review3. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.20121435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.20121435

Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

De Shalit, Ann, and Emily van der Meulen. 2015. “Critical Perspectives on Canadian Anti-Trafficking Discourse and Policy.” Atlantis 37 (2): 2–7.

Dewey, Susan. 2008. Hollow Bodies: Institutional Responses to Sex Trafficking in Armenia, Bosnia, and India. Sterling: Kumarian Press.

Doezema, Jo. 2010. Sex Slaves and Discourse Masters: The Construction of Trafficking.London: Zed Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350222502

Durisin, Elya M., and Rob Heynen. 2015. “Producing the ‘Trafficked Woman’: Canadian Newspaper Reporting on Eastern European Exotic Dancers During the 1990s.” Atlantis 37 (2): 8–24.

Durisin, Elya M., Emily van der Meulen, and Chris Bruckert. 2018. Red Light Labour: Sex Work Regulation, Agency, and Resistance. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Dworkin, Andrea. 1981. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. London: Women’s Press.

Fassin, Didier. 2011. Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520271166.001.0001

Faubion, James D. 2011. An Anthropology of Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development,’ Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Fisher, William F. 1997. “Doing Good? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices.” Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 439–464. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.439

Hua, Julietta. 2011. Trafficking Women’s Human Rights. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816675609.001.0001

Hunt, Sarah. 2015. “Representing Colonial Violence: Trafficking, Sex Work, and the Violence of Law.” Atlantis 37 (2): 25–39.

Juris, Jeffrey S., and Alex Khasnabish. 2013. “Conclusion: The Possibilities, Limits, and Relevance of Engaged Ethnography.” In Insurgent Encounters: Transnational Activism, Ethnography, and the Political, edited by Jeffrey S. Juris and Alex Khasnabish, 367-390. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1131b6k.20

Kaye, Julia. 2017. Responding to Human Trafficking: Dispossession, Colonial Violence, and Resistance among Indigenous and Racialized Women. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487513863

Kempadoo, Kamala. 2012. “Introduction: Abolitionism, Criminal Justice, and Transnational Feminism: Twenty-first-century Perspectives on Human Trafficking.” In Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work, and Human Rights 2nd Edition, edited by Kamala Kempadoo, Jyoti Sanghera, and Bandana Pattanaik. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.

Lam, Elene, and Annalee Lepp. 2019. “Butterfly: Resisting the harms of anti-trafficking policies and fostering peer-based organising in Canada.” Anti-Trafficking Review12: 91–107. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219126

Mackey, Eva. 1999. The House of Difference: Cultural Politics and National Identity in Canada. London: Routledge.

Mai, Nicola. 2013. “Between Embodied Cosmopolitism and Sexual Humanitarianism: The Fractal Mobilities and Subjectivities of Migrants Working in the Sex Industry.” In Borders, Mobilities and Migrations, Perspectives from the Mediterranean in the 21st Century edited by V. Baby-Collins and L. Anteby. Brussels: Peter Lang.

Mawani, Renisa. 2009. Colonial Proximities: Crossracial Encounters and Juridical Truths in British Columbia, 1871–1921. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Maynard, Robyn. 2015. “Fighting Wrongs with Wrongs? How Canadian Anti-Trafficking Crusades Have Failed Sex Workers, Migrants, and Indigenous Communities.” Atlantis 37 (2): 40–56.

McFadyen, Nicole. 2018. Rights and Rescue: Ethical World Making in the Anti-Trafficking and Sex Worker Rights Movements in Canada. PhD dissertation, York University.

Murdoch, Norman H. 1994. Origins of the Salvation Army. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Musto, Jennifer. 2013. “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking and the Detention-to-Protection Pipeline.” Dialectical Anthropology 37: 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9295-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9295-0

O’Doherty, Tamara, Hayli Millar, Alison Clancey, and Kimberly Mackenzie. 2018. “Misrepresentations, Inadequate Evidence, and Impediments to Justice: Human Rights Impacts of Canada’s Anti-Trafficking Efforts.” In Red Light Labour: Sex Work Regulation, Agency, and Resistance, edited by Elya Durisin, Emily van der Meulen, and Chris Bruckert. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Oxman-Martinez, Jacqueline, Marie Lacroix, and Jill Hanley. 2005. Victims of Trafficking in Persons: Perspectives from the Canadian Community Sector. Department of Justice Canada Research and Statistics Division. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/justice/J3-2-2006-3-1E.pdf.

Ontario PC. 2016. “Scott Meets with Joy Smith Foundation in Winnipeg.” Ontario PC, 23 August. https://www.ontariopc.ca/scott_meets_with_joy_smith_foundation_in_winnipeg (accessed 18 January 2017).

Peters, Alicia W. 2013. “‘Things That Involve Sex Are Just Different’: US Anti-Trafficking Law and Policy on the Books, In Their Minds, and in Actions.” Anthropological Quarterly, 86 (1): 221. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/501373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2013.0007

Public Safety Canada. 2012. National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-ctn-pln-cmbt/index-eng.aspx.

——. 2019. News Release: Minister Monsef - $75-million National Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking announced, Special Advisor appointed. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.

Ryan, Maxwell. 2011. “Rescue the Perishing.” Salvationist: The Voice of the Army, 17 May. The Salvation Army. https://salvationist.ca/articles/2011/05/rescue-the-perishing/(accessed 15 October 2016).

Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 2010. Human Trafficking in Canada. Ottawa: RCMP Criminal Intelligence.

——. 2013. Domestic Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Canada. Ottawa: RCMP Criminal Intelligence.

Roots, Katrin, and Ann De Shalit. 2015. “Evidence that Evidence Doesn’t Matter: Human Trafficking Cases in Canada.” Atlantis 37 (2): 65–80.

Rose, Ava. 2015. “Punished for Strength: Sex Worker Activism and the Anti-Trafficking Movement.” Atlantis 37 (2): 57–64.

Sharma, Nandita. 2005. “Anti-Trafficking Rhetoric and the Making of a Global Apartheid.” National Women’s Studies Association Journal 17 (3): 88–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/NWS.2005.17.3.88

Speed, Shannon. 2006. “At the Crossroads of Human Rights and Anthropology: Toward a Critically Engaged Activist Research.” American Anthropologist 108 (1): 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.66

Ticktin, Miriam. 2011. Casualties of Care: Immigration and the Politics of Humanitarianism in France. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520950535

Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830596

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2004. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. Vienna: United Nations.

UN Women. 1995. The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women: Platform for Action. UN Women, September. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/violence.htm (accessed 27 March 2009).

van der Meulen, Emily, Elya M. Durisin, and Victoria Love. 2013. Selling Sex: Experience, Advocacy, and Research on Sex Work in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Downloads

Published

2022-05-10

How to Cite

McFadyen, N. (2022). Maintaining the Carceral Echo Chamber: Tensions Within the Anti-Trafficking Movement in Canada. Anthropologica, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.18357/anthropologica64120221071